Casio - Magical Light ML-2 (small keyboard with real key lighting & lovely demos)
Casio ML-1

Casio  ML-2

This keyboard from 1994 (embossed case stamp date) is one of the smallest Casio keyboards with genuine key lighting (i.e. the keys itself flash red, not only an LED row above). It has 10 wonderful orchestrated demo melodies with melody guide play training (but no different levels). Unfortunately it has neither a ROM-Pack cartridge slot (see e.g. Casio PT-82) nor other means to load additional melodies, and despite midsize keys it is only 2 note polyphonic. This instrument was also released with black case, and a transparent dark blue version (light blue panel, cyan rhythm name bar) was later(?) released as Casio LK-6 (seen on eBay).
The sound engine and behaviour of this keyboard is much like Casio SA-1 (see there).

main features:

eastereggs:

notes:

All main voice sounds of this instrument resemble Casio SA-1, but they sound somewhat brighter, more direct and squawkier than my Casio PA-31 without turning unpleasantly harsh. Either the internal bit resolution is lower or the output is less muffled by filters or the speaker just has a better midrange response because this thing sounds in a pleasant way "more Casio- SA- like" than the SA keyboards itself. There is also more aliasing noise audible during the release phase of many sounds.

The "flute" is brighter and 1 octave higher than on SA-1. Also the "violin" is an octave higher (slightly less vibrato?). The famous static "brass ens" is also there and toots even more extreme than on my SA keyboards. The "synth- brass" is an octave higher too. The "church bells" have no echo here. The "rock drum" kit here has {base, snare, shaker (?), cymbal} instead of {base, snare, closed cymbal, open cymbal}; the snare is brighter, cymbal is more metallic with higher resolution and the base is less bassy. The "s.e." (="sound effects"?) consists of 4 effect sounds corresponding {"pearl drop", "car horn", "laser beam" (sound 1), "emergency alarm" (sound 2, 1 octave higher)} on the SA-1 sound set.

The rhythms sound more impulsive and have less bass than on Casio PA-31, and they neither employ phasing effects nor there are rhythms with accompaniment. The percussion samples sound thinner but clearer and have likely higher resolution. E.g. the snare has more dynamics and also the woodblock knocks very natural.
 

circuit bending details

Despite same sound engine, the Casio ML-2 has instead of the classic SA-series CPU M6387 an "OKI M6521-11" with 60 pins. The tiny Casio ML-1 has an "OKI M6521-10" instead; likely the only difference is the set of built-in melodies in its song bank.

keyboard matrix

The ML-2 is obviously derived from Casio PT-88 hardware, so the layout is very similar. The M6521-11 CPU has in the top row 8 output and 8 input pins for the keyboard matrix. Only KO4 has here light on/off and volume +/- where PT-88 has unused drumpad buttons.

This matrix was analyzed by me and later verified by service manuals of Casio ML-2, ML-3 and ML-1. All unknown function names and in/ out numbers in this chart were chosen by me.
 
31 KI0
 32 KI1
 33 KI2
34 KI3
35 KI4
36 KI5
37 KI6
38 KI7
 
CPU pin
in 0
in 1
in 2
in 3
in 4
in 5
in 6
in 7
in / out
 
o
F3
o
F#3
o
G3
o
G#3
o
A3
o
A#3
o
B3
o
C4
out 0
39 KO0
o
C#4
o
D4
o
D#4
o
E4
o
F4
o
F#4
o
G4
o
G#4
out 1
40 KO1
o
A4
o
A#4
o
B4
o
C5
o
C#5
o
D5
o
D#5
o
E5
out 2
41 KO2
o
F5
o
F#5
o
G5
o
G#5
o
A5
o
A#5
o
B5
o
C6
out 3
42 KO3
P.
mute
P.
mute
P.
mute
P.
mute
P.
mute
volume
-
volume
+
light
on/ off
out 4
43 KO4
N.
'1' [0]
N.
[1]
N.
[2]
N.
[3]
N.
[4]
stop
tempo
-
stop
out 5
44 KO5
N.
[5]
N.
'2' [6]
N.
'3' [7]
N.
'4' [8]
N.
'5' [9]
P.
variation?
R.
select
tempo
+
out 6
45 KO6
M.
melody guide 4
M.
melody guide 3
M.
melody guide 2
M.
melody guide
M.
any key
M.
demo
M.
play
(polyphony ?)
out 7
46 KO7

The input lines are active- high, i.e. react on +Vs, thus any functions are triggered by a switch in series to a diode from one "out" to one "in" pin.
 

legend:
"o"
 = keyboard key
R.
 = rhythm
N.
 = number entry (cipher buttons)
P.
 = drum-/effect pad
M.
 = mode select switch
orange
background 		 = easteregg (unconnected feature)
grey 
background		 = unconnected doublet

In the LED matrix each LED is wired from an LY# to an LX# pin of the CPU. Strange is that the hardware can light more than 2 keys simultaneously (visible during crashes) although it is only 2 note polyphonic. Perhaps there is somewhere a trick with a fixed diode somewhere in the keyboard matrix or at an unused pin to increase the polyphony (see SA-series), although this would make it necessary to solder a diode into each key line to work properly. The similar sized Casio SA-40 toy keyboard still had 4 note polyphony.

eastereggs

In the keyboard matrix I discovered 5 additional cipher buttons (corresponding PT-88 ciphers are in "[ ]") to select more sounds, but unlike Casio SA-2 or SA-8 here many cipher combinations play no sound at all. Apparently here not the full 100ToneBank sound set exists, but only those additional sounds can be selected those are normally used by the built-in melodies. Possibly the rest was omitted to free ROM space for fitting more songs. 

The matrix places for drum-/effect pads exist, but (as far I remember) make no sound but (like also in PT-88) only mute rhythm for 1 bar.

Older small Casio melody guide keyboards (see e.g. Casio PT-82) had 4 different play training levels while the ML-2 has only the "light on/ off" switch. I am not sure if the 2 missing combinations (with/ without waiting) exist as matrix eastereggs, because there are 4 connections for the melody guide mode in the matrix of those only 1 is used. In PT-88 the non-waiting version exists. Possibly there is also the polyphony select at 46->38.

ROM-Pack port?

The M6521 CPU supports a ROM pack port at pins 51..58. It is unknown if in ML-2 it is functional. (I haven't tested this further.)

shitshot

A shitshot on the power supply line (e.g. simply by battery wiggling) often reveals very bizarre crash sounds. While some are simply loud noises like a hair dryer or pneumatic hammer, there is one astonishing piece of glitch music hidden in the CPU that sounds like Buddhist meditation music from a Tibetan or Zen monastery, consisting of a set of gongs and drums followed by a humming tone in the background. It is even quite easy to access by playing notes during shitshot. Unfortunately the resulting crash usually disables all keys and manual controls, thus a reset button should be added. (A simple opener button switch in the supply voltage line may fulfil both needs.)

The instrument has a song bank of 10 lovely and complex orchestrated demo melodies those are also used for the melody guide play training feature. The demo melodies are:

  1. Minuet (J. S. Bach)
  2. Yankee Doodle
  3. Jingle Bells
  4. The Muffin Man
  5. Old Mac Donald had a Farm
  6. Frère Jaques
  7. Twinkle Twinkle Little Star
  8. London Bridge
  9. Grandfather's Clock
  10. Joy to the World

Casio  ML-1

This Magical Light keyboard from 1994 (embossed case stamp date) is the tiniest Casio keyboard with genuine key lighting (i.e. the keys itself flash red, not only an LED row above). It has 10 wonderful orchestrated demo melodies with melody guide play training (but no different levels). Unlike the bigger Casio ML-2 (32 midsize keys), the ML-1 has only 25 mini keys and only the white keys can light up, therefore also the set of built-in melodies is different. This instrument was also released with black case.

The behaviour of ML-1 is extremely similar like Casio ML-2, thus I will only describe here the differences.

different main features:

eastereggs:

notes:

Due to the shorter keyboard the rightmost one of the 4 sounds in the "rock drum" and "s.e." sound kits can not be played on Casio ML-1.

This instrument has partly different melodies than Casio ML-2, because the ML-1 can not light its sharps (black keys) for play teaching and thus melodies including them were replaced with others. Strange is that also the 6 identical ones are in a different order. (Because the CPU type numbers are different, the music set on the ML-1 likely can not be switched to the ML-2 set and vice versa by a simple keyboard matrix easteregg or the like.)

The 10 demo melodies of the ML-1 are:

  1. Frère Jaques*
  2. Joy to the World*
  3. Old Mac Donald had a Farm*
  4. Twinkle Twinkle Little Star*
  5. Minuet (J. S. Bach)*
  6. London Bridge*
  7. Michael
  8. Mary Had a Little Lamb
  9. The Camptown Races
  10. Ode to Joy
*) These tunes exist also on Casio ML-2.

An very rare ML-2 variant with apparently the same melodies like ML-1 came out as Casio ML-3 (different CPU "OKI M6521-13", seen in service manual). Predecessor of this hardware (with ROM-Pack slot) was the Casio PT-88. Remarkable is that in early 1980th the Casio ML series named instead of small "Magical Light" keyboards Casio's melody pocket calculators (those often had a monophonic mini organ feature, like e.g. Casio ML-90).
 

 removal of these screws voids warranty...    
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